Topic |
Date |
Readings (Book identifiers) |
Lecture
Resources |
Overview of marine geology and of this course |
9/26 |
OB, Chapter 1, pp. 5-25
OB, Chapter 7, especially pp. 151-155
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Outline
Handouts
Visuals |
| In section: How to read, interpret, and present an article |
9/29&30 sections |
Schmitz, W.J., Jr.(1995) On the interbasin-scale thermohaline circulation, Rev. Geophysics 33, 151-173.) Part I, Part II, color figures
See sites on "Links" page also |
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What are the characteristics of the seafloor and the ocean basins? |
Seafloor provinces and ocean basins; two systems of describing Earth's interior
Assignment for today's class |
9/29 |
OB, pp. 26-36, 41-45, 92-94
See:General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, Arctic Ocean, Southern Ocean progress, |
Outline
Visuals |
Back to top |
How are these characteristics explained in the context of plate tectonics? |
Hypsometric curve and isostasy, depth-age, area-age, basic rules of plate tectonics
See Plate Reconstructions and information about Plate Tectonics from Space map |
10/1 |
OB, pp. 37-38
see also: Cogne, J.-P., and E. Humler (2004) Temporal variation of oceanic spreading and crustal production rates during the last 180 My, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 227, 427-439. Supplemental data appendix |
Outline
Visuals |
Section: Geologic timescale, Scientific ocean drilling
Geologic timescales: GSA1999 ICS2008
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10/6&7 |
See TIME SCALE CREATOR From the web site: "TimeScale Creator is for you to create charts of any portion of the geologic time scale with your choice of bio-, magneto-, chemo- and other events in Earth History." |
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Solid Earth cycle and plate boundaries, distribution of volcanic and seismic activity
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10/6 |
OB, pp. 38-41, 45-53, 55-67
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Outline
Visuals |
| Group Presentation: Bathymetry |
10/6 cont'd |
Smith, W.H.F. and D.T. Sandwell (2004) Conventional bathymetry, bathymetry from space, and geodetic altimetry, Oceanography 17(1), 8-23. Entire Special Issue
Sandwell, D.T., S.T. Gille, and W.H.F. Smith, eds. (2002) Bathymetry from space: Oceanography, geophysics, and climate, Geoscience Professional Services, Bethesda, Maryland , 24 pp. Report on line |
Handouts
Visuals |
| Earth's magnetic field, paleomagnetism and the oceanic crust |
10/8 |
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Outline
Visuals |
Back to top |
| What are the sources, distributions, and characteristics of oceanic sediments? |
Oceanic biogeochemical cycles, ocean circulation, and particle transport |
10/8 cont'd, start of 10/13 |
OB, pp. 124-127, 151-159
MBC, Chapter 2, pp. 19-57, esp. pp. 39-44 |
Visuals |
Plate stratigraphy: sediment distribution in time and space |
10/13 |
MBC, Chapter 1, pp. 8-18
See: Imaging Earth History Beneath the Ocean Floor: Three Decades of Major Scientific Accomplishments |
Outline
Visuals |
Group presentation:
Plate tectonics |
10/13 cont'd |
Müller, M. Sdrolius, C. Gaina, and W.R. Roest (2008) Age, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world’s ocean crust, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 9, doi:10//1029/2007GC001743.
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Handouts
Visuals |
Group presentation: The biological pump, particle flux, and sedimentation |
10/15 |
Ducklow, H.W., D.K. Steinberg, and K.O. Buesseler (2001) Upper ocean carbon export and the biological pump, Oceanography 14(4), 50-58. See entire U.S. JGOFS issue
Archer, D. (2004) Biological fluxes in the ocean and atmospheric pCO 2 , pp. 275-291, in The Oceans and Marine Geochemistry (ed. H. Elderfield) Vol. 6 Treatise on Geochemistry (eds. H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian), Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford . |
Handouts
Visuals |
| Back to top |
Calcium carbonate sedimentation, the calcite compensation depth (CCD), and the Ca budget; circulation and basin-scale effects, regional and local effects
CCD handout |
10/15 cont'd |
Broecker, W.S. (2004) The Oceanic CaCO3 Cycle, pp. 529-549, in The Oceans and Marine Geochemistry (ed. H. Elderfield) Vol. 6 Treatise on Geochemistry (eds. H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian), Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford. Especially pp. 529-538.
MBC pp. 58-64
Sclater, J.G., E. Boyle, and J.M. Edmond (1979) A quantitative analysis of some factors affecting carbonate sedimentation in the oceans, in Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Continental Margin and Paleoenvironment, pp. 235-248.
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Outline
Visuals |
10/20
Questions |
Outline
Questions
Visuals |
| Library/reference finding |
10/20&24 |
Monday, Oct 20th, 12:30-1:40 p.m., and Friday, Oct 24th, 2:00-3:10 p.m., in the S&E Instruction Room, Room 215 These replace all regular sections this week--pick one! |
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Group presentation:
CCD changes on short timescales |
10/22 |
Orr, J.C. et al. (2005) Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms, Nature 437, 681-686.
Ridgwell, A., and R.E. Zeebe (2005) The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 234, 299-315. |
Handouts
Visuals |
| Opaline silica sedimentation |
10/22 cont'd |
MBC, pp. 58-59 |
Outline
Visuals |
Bioturbation: The basics
Sediment environments: morphology and dynamics, particle transport, other sediment types |
10/27 |
Berger, W.H., and G. R. Heath (1968) Vertical mixing in pelagic sediments, Jour. Mar. Research 26, 134-143.
Burdige, D.J. (2006) Geochemistry of Marine Sediments, sections 5.3 (pp. 65-67) and section 12.4 (pp. 286-302) (Book on reserve)
MBC, pp. 64-72
See also: Kennett, Marine Geology, Chapter 15, Geological effects of bottom currents |
Outline
Visuals |
Back to top |
How do we define sediment ages? What are the effects of organisms on the sediment record?
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| Sediment dating |
10/29 |
Know what’s presented in lecture; ask me for references if you want more information
Moore, T., and H. Palike (2006) Time is of the essence, Oceanography 19(4) 22-27 S-ODP |
Outline
Visuals |
| Group presentation: Bioturbation |
10/29
cont'd |
Ridgwell, A. (2007) Interpreting transient carbonate compensation depth changes by marine sediment core modeling, Paleoceanography 22, PA4102, doi:10.1029/2006PA001372.
Trauth, M.H., M. Sarnthein, and M. Arnold (1997) Bioturbational mixing depth and carbon flux at the seafloor, Paleoceanography 12, 517-526.
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Handouts
Visuals |
| Special section |
11/3 |
Midterm review (replaces other sections) |
Sample midterm |
MIDTERM EXAM |
11/5 |
(includes material through 10/27 lecture) |
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Back to top |
What is the structure of the oceanic crust? What are the effects of the processes of formation, aging, and alteration?
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Structure of oceanic crust, heat flow, formation and aging of oceanic crust |
11/3 |
OB, Chapter 4, pp. 68-95
A&O, pp. 61-66
Dick et al. (2006) Past and future impact of deep drilling in the crust and mantle, Oceanography 19(4), 72-80 S-ODP
See IODP Exp. 312 Expedition Report |
Outline
Visuals |
| 11/10 |
Outline
Visuals |
Back to top |
What are the roles of fluids in ocean sediments and the oceanic crust?
|
Group presentation : Deep biosphere |
11/10 cont'd |
Smith, D.C., and S. D'Hondt (2006) Exploration of life in deep subseafloor sediments, Oceanography 19(4) 58-70 (includes inset piece)
D'Hondt, S., et al. (2004) Distributions of microbial activities in deep subseafloor sediments, Science, 306, 2216-2221.
DeLong, E.F. (2004) Microbial life breathes deep, Science 306, 2198-2200.
See also subseafloor biogeochemistry database |
Handouts
Visuals |
Interstitial water, hydrothermal circulation, and other fluids |
11/12 |
OB, pp. 96-123
A&O, pp. 39-54, 67-72
Delaney and Shipboard Scientific Party (1991) Inorganic geochemistry summary, in Kroenke, L.W., W.H. Berger, T.R. Janecek et al., Proceedings ODP, Init. Rpts. 130, 549-551.
Kastner, M. et al. (2006) New insights into the hydrogeology of the oceanic crust through long-term monitoring, Oceanography 19(4) 46-57 S-ODP |
Outline
Visuals |
Back to top |
What are the characteristics of the continental margins? What processes are important in their formation and evolution?
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Group presentation: Subduction zones |
11/17 |
Stern, J. (2002) Subduction initiation: Spontaneous and induced, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 226, 275-292.
Tatsumi, Y., and R.J. Stern (2006) Manufacturing continental crust in the subduction factory, Oceanography 19(4) 104-112
See also: A&O, pp. 73-77, 91-96 |
Handouts
Visuals |
Classification and distribution of continental margins; passive margins and sea level change; gas hydrates in marine sediments |
11/17 cont'd & 11/19 |
OB, pp. 30-35, 129-150
A&O, pp. 23-28, 35-38, 85-90
Miller, K.G., et al. (2005) The Phanerozoic record of global sea level change, Science 310, 1293-1298.
Trehu, A.M. et al. (2006) Gas hydrates in marine sediments: Lessons from scientific ocean drilling, Oceanography 19(4) 124-142 S-ODP
More paleo reconstructions, including future projections, based on plate motions |
11/17
Outline
Visuals
11/19
Outline
Visuals |
Back to top |
What do oceanic sediment records tell us about ocean and climate history?
|
| Group presentation: Gas hydrates |
11/19 cont'd |
Kvenvolden, K.A., and B.W. Rogers (2004) Gaia’s breath—global methane exhalations, Mar. Petrol. Geol. 22, 579-590.
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Handouts
Visuals |
Proposal presentations by students (section and class) |
11/24 |
Proposal success tips
|
Peer review form, oral presentation and proposal evaluation forms |
Goals and methods of paleoceanography, climate history of the last 3 m.y. |
12/1
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MBC, pp. 73-91
A&O, pp. 5-22, 28-34
See also: Lisiecki, L., and M.E. Raymo (2005), A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic delta-O-18 records, Paleoceanography 20, PA1003, doi:10.1029/2004PA001071
European ice sheets/shorelines with glaciations |
Outline
Visuals |
| Climate and ice volume history of the past 100 m.y. |
12/3 |
Outline
Visuals |
Final exam |
12/11 |
Due by 3:00 p.m. to A450 EMS |
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Back to top |
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