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1. Femur of topi Damaliscus lunatus) from Site 06, a modern foraging campsite near Koobi Fora, East Lake Turkana, Kenya, showing three hammerstone impact notches. Photo Don Harris of specimen collected by D. Gifford-Gonzalez in September, 1973, six weeks after site was abandoned. |
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2. Refit radioulna of a common zebra (Equus burchelli) from Site 105, a modern pastoralist encampment near Koobi Fora, East Lake Turkana, Kenya, showing hammerstone impact zone at mid-shaft, transverse fracture, and signs of exposure of bone directly to fire. Hyena-sized carnivore tooth marks are visible on olecranon process. Photo Don Harris of specimen collected by D. Gifford-Gonzalez in September, 1973, four weeks after site was abandoned. |
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3. Caprine (sheep/goat) femur shaft) from Site 105 a modern pastoralist encampment near Koobi Fora, East Lake Turkana, Kenya, showing near-transverse fracture across shaft, with smooth, slight sinuous break surface. Photo Don Harris of specimen collected by D. Gifford-Gonzalez in September, 1973, four weeks after site was abandoned. |
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4. Bovine (Bos taurus) radioulna shaft from Site 105 a modern pastoralist encampment near Koobi Fora, East Lake Turkana, Kenya, showing transverse fracture, jagged, stepped break surface, signs of charring on break surface, exfoliation on shaft typical of exposure to heat. Photo Don Harris of specimen collected by D. Gifford-Gonzalez in September, 1973, four weeks after site was abandoned. |
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5. Zebra (Equus burchelli) femur shaft from Site 105, a modern pastoralist encampment near Koobi Fora, East Lake Turkana, Kenya, showing metal bush-knife (panga) chop mark at near side of break, transverse fracture with jagged break surface, evidence of charring to shaft and break surface. Photo Don Harris of specimen collected by D. Gifford-Gonzalez in September, 19973, four weeks after site was abandoned. |
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6. Bovine (Bos taurus) tibia shaft from Site 105, a modern pastoralist encampment near Koobi Fora, East Lake Turkana, Kenya, showing transverse fracture, stepped columnar break surface typical of bone which has developed longitudinal weathering cracks into the medullary cavity. Behrensmeyer Weathering Stage 3. Contrast with specimens 3, 4, 5 on this page. See also TRAMPLING 2, TRAMPLING 3. Photo Don Harris of specimen collected by D. Gifford-Gonzalez in September, 1973, four weeks after site was abandoned. Note: specimen probably lay on surface for at least three years prior to creation of Site 105 |
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7. Three zebra (Equus burchelli) proximal radioulnae from Site 105, a modern pastoralist encampment near Koobi Fora, East Lake Turkana, Kenya, showing redundant patterning in transverse fractures of shaft, reduction of the olecranon process by fracture. Photo Don Harris of specimen collected by D. Gifford-Gonzalez in September, 1973, four weeks after site was abandoned. |
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8. Two zebra (Equus burchelli) distal humeri from Site 105, a modern pastoralist encampment near Koobi Fora, East Lake Turkana, Kenya, showing redundant patterning in transverse fractures at distal shafts, rebound flake scars from anvil, and evidence of abrasion to break surface, possibly due to ungulate trampling. Photo Don Harris of specimen collected by D. Gifford-Gonzalez in September, 1973, four weeks after site was abandoned. |
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9. Recent, post-mineralization break across a fossilized deer metatarsal from Pliocene paleontological sediments in the Nihewan, western Hebei Province, Peoples Republic of China. Note the flat, planar surface of the break, and its different color from the rest of the older break surface. Note as well shallow flakes and tooth scores from ancient carnivore gnawing. Photo Don Harris of specimen donated by Dr. Wei Qi of the Institute for Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, in possession of D. Gifford-Gonzalez. |
